The addition of nutrients to food, food constituents, or supplements, termed fortification, has a complex history in the United States and Canada. The purpose of this chapter is not to review the rationale for fortification, which remains debated in many circles, but to provide a brief overview of the history and current status of policies, guidelines, and regulations related to fortification. In the United States, mandatory fortification (usually called enrichment) refers to the situation when a product is formulated to conform to the standard of identity promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the enriched version of the food. Discretionary fortification refers to all other forms of the addition of nutrients to food, including unenriched versions of products for which an enrichment standard has been promulgated by FDA. The addition of vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) to food in Canada is controlled under regulatory provisions first declared in 1964 (Part D Division 3 of the Food and…